MUGAL KAL MEIN PARIVAHAN AUR SANCHAR VYAVASTHA: EK ADHYAYAN

mugal kaal (1526–1857) bhaarateey itihaas ka vah vistrt aur samrddh adhyaay hai jisamen prashaasan, arthavyavastha, vaanijy, sanskrti aur kala ke saath-saath parivahan aur sanchaar vyavastha ka bhee ullekhaneey vikaas hua. mugalon ne jis vishaal bhoobhaag par shaasan sthaapit kiya, usamen prabhaavee prashaasan, sainik gatividhiyon, vaanijyik gatividhiyon, graameen-shaharee sambandhon aur saanskrtik aadaan-pradaan ko suchaaru roop se sanchaalit karane ke lie ek majaboot parivahan tatha sanchaar pranaalee anivaary thee. mugal shaasan mein parivahan mukhyat: sthalamaarg aur jalamaarg donon par aadhaarit tha. sthal parivahan mein sadaken, raajamaarg, dakkhin maarg, uttar-pashchim maarg, daak-chaukiyaan, saraayon ka jaal, ghode, bailagaadiyaan, haathee, oont jaise saadhanon ka mahatvapoorn yogadaan tha. jalamaargon man ganga, yamuna, brahmaputr, narmada aur godaavaree jaisee nadiyon ke maadhyam se vyaapaarik aur prashaasanik gatividhiyaan sanchaalit hotee theen. sadak nirmaan ko shaasan kee praathamikata praapt thee, visheshakar sherashaah sooree dvaara nirmit graind trank rod (sadak-e-aazam) mugal kaal mein aur vistrt kee gaee. mugalon ne is maarg par saraayon, kuon, pulon, vrkshaaropan aur daak chaukiyon ka mantraneey vistaar kiya. bailagaadee aur oontagaadee uttar bhaarat mein sabase lokapriy bhoomi parivahan saadhan the, jabaki dakkhin aur pashchim bhaarat mein ghode tatha oont parivahan ke pramukh saadhan the. sanchaar pranaalee mein mugalon ne ek atyant kushal daak vyavastha vikasit kee thee. sherashaah sooree kee ‘daak-chaukee pranaalee’ ko mugal baadashaahon—visheshatah akabar—ne atyadhik sudrdh kiya. mugalon kee sanchaar pranaalee do mukhy aadhaaron par aadhaarit thee—

(1) kaavul pranaalee(ghudasavaarasandeshavaahak)

(2) daak-chaukee pranaalee (ranar/paidal sandeshavaahak)

akabar ke samay mein lagabhag har 2–3 kos par saraayen banee huee theen, jinamen sandeshavaahakon, sainikon, vyaapaariyon aur yaatriyon ko rukane, aaraam karane, bhojan-paanee tatha suraksha jaisee suvidhaen upalabdh karaee jaatee theen. in saraayon ko saamraajyabhar mein jodakar ek suvyavasthit sanchaar tantr sthaapit kiya gaya tha, jo na keval prashaasanik kaaryon ko saral banaata tha, balki vyaapaarik gatividhiyon ko bhee badhaata tha. mugal kaal mein vyaapaarik kaaravaan, dooton kee yaatra, sandeshavaahan, shaahee aadesh (pharamaan), jaasoosee tantr aur soochanaon ke tvarit sancharan mein parivahan aur sanchaar vyavastha ka gahara mahatv tha. prashaasanik ekata banae rakhane, door-daraaz ke praanton par niyantran sthaapit rakhane, kar-sangrah kee vyavastha suchaaru karane, tatha saamraajy kee suraksha sunishchit karane mein yahee parivahan-sanchaar tantr mukhy aadhaar tha. mugal kaal ka parivahan evan sanchaar sangathan keval prashaasanik aupachaarikata bhar nahin tha, balki bhaarateey saamaajik-aarthik dhaanche ka pramukh ang tha, jisane saamraajy kee sthirata, vikaas aur nirantarata ko sambhav banaaya.