Volume : 2, Issue : 12, DEC 2016

INTERNATIONAL STUDENTS FROM DIFFERENT CONTINENTS FACE VARIED CHALLENGES AND SEEK CAMPUS SUPPORT IN DISSIMILAR WAYS

Delphine N. Banjong, Arinola Wuraola, Mildred Biaku

Abstract

Many studies have examined the challenges faced by international students from a global perspective. This study separates international students into four continents (African, Asian, European, and North American) and explores their challenges, such as English proficiency, financial needs, cultural shock, and technological experiences, and how these students seek help from campus resources such as the international, writing, students? success, and counseling centers. Also this study examines how these support systems influence international students? academic performances. The study surveyed 344 participants, and ANOVA result indicated that international students who received social support from campus resources experienced positive effects in their academic performance. Analysis revealed that of the different categories of international students, Asian international students felt most deficient in the English language, as such, they visited the writing and student success centers the most. European international students visited the counseling center the most, when compared to other international students. In general, African international students suffered the most, however, they felt most successful in their academics.

Keywords

International Students, Social Support, Cultural Shock, English Proficiency, Academic Success, Campus Resources.

Article : Download PDF

Cite This Article

Article No : 23

Number of Downloads : 1091

References

[1] Abe-Kim, J., Takeuchi, D. T., Hong, S., Zane, N., Sue, S., Spencer, M. S., et al. (2007). Use of mental health-related services among immigrant and U.S.-born Asian Americans: Results from the National Latino and Asian American Study. American Journal of Public Health, 97. 91-98. [2] Altbach, P. G., & Knight, J. (2007). The internationalization of higher education: Motivations and realities. Journal of studies in international education, 11(3-4), 290-305. [3] Andrade, M.S. (2006) International student in English-speaking universities adjustment factors. Journal of Research in International Education, 5(2), 131-154 [4] Anderson, L. E. (1994). A new look at an old construct: Cross-cultural adaptation. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 18(3), 293-328. [5] Banjong, D. N. (2015). International Students? Enhanced Academic Performance: Effects of Campus Resources. Journal of International Students, 5(1), 132-142. [6] Banjong, D. N., & Olson, M. R. (2016). Issues and Trends of International Students in the United States. International Journal of Education 4(1), 1-14. [7] Befus, C. P. (1988). A multilevel treatment approach for culture shock experienced by sojourners. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 12(4), 381-400. [8] Bennett, R. (2003). Determinants of undergraduate student dropout rates in a university business studies department. Journal of Further and Higher Education, 27(2), 123-141. [9] Benzie, H. J. (2010). Graduating as a „native speaker?: International students and English language proficiency in higher education. Higher Education Research & Development, 29(4), 447-459. [10] Berry, J. W. (1980). Acculturation as varieties of adaptation. Acculturation: Theory, models and some new findings, 9-25. [11] Berry, J. W. (1997). Immigration, acculturation, and adaptation. Applied psychology, 46(1), 5-34. [12] Berry, J. W. (2006). Acculturative stress. In Handbook of multicultural perspectives on stress and coping (pp. 287-298). Springer US. [13] Brown, L., & Holloway, I. (2008). The adjustment journey of international postgraduate students at an English university: An ethnographic study. Journal of Research in International Education, 7(2), 232-249. [14] Chapdelaine, R. F., & Alexitch, L. R. (2004). Social skills difficulty: Model of culture shock for international graduate students. Journal of College Student Development, 45(2), 167-184. [15] Cho, J., & Yu, H. (2015). Roles of University Support for International Students in the United States Analysis of a Systematic Model of University Identification, University Support, and Psychological Well-Being. Journal of Studies in International Education, 19(1), 11-27. [16] Constantine, M. G., Anderson, G. M., Berkel, L. A., Caldwell, L. D., & Utsey, S. O. (2005). Examining the Cultural Adjustment Experiences of African International College Students: A Qualitative Analysis. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 52(1), 57.
Research Paper E-ISSN NO : 2455-295X | VOLUME : 2 | ISSUE : 12 | DEC 2016
I N T E R N A T I O N A L E D U C A T I O N A L S C I E N T I F I C R E S E A R C H J O U R N A L
125
[17] Constantine, M. G., Okazaki, S., & Utsey, S. O. (2004). Self-concealment, social self-efficacy, acculturative stress, and depression in African, Asian, and Latin American international college students. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 74(3), 230. [18] Carroll, J., & Ryan, J. (Eds.). (2007). Teaching international students: Improving learning for all. Routledge. [19] Darling-Hammond, L. (2006). Constructing 21st-century teacher education. Journal of teacher education, 57(3), 300-314. [20] Eisenberg, D., Downs, M. F., Golberstein, E., & Zivin, K. (2009). Stigma and help seeking for mental health among college students. Medical Care Research and Review, 66(5), 522-541. [21] Faleel, S., Tam, C., Lee, T., Har, W., & Foo, Y. (2012). Stress, perceived social support, coping capability and depression: A study of local and foreign students in the Malaysian context. International Journal of Social and Human Sciences, 6(2), 8- 14. [22] Fang, C. Y., & Myers, H. F. (2001). The effects of racial stressors and hostility on cardiovascular reactivity in African American and Caucasian men. Health Psychology, 20(1), 64. [23] Flores, N., & Savage, S. J. (2007). Student demand for streaming lecture video: Empirical evidence from undergraduate economics classes. International Review of Economics Education, 6(2), 57-78. [24] Gebhard, J.G. (2012) International students? adjustment problems and behaviors. Journal of International Students, 2(2), 184-193. [25] Glass, C. R., Kociolek, E., Wongtrirat, R., Lynch, R. J., & Cong, S. (2015). Uneven Experiences: The Impact of Student-Faculty Interactions on International Students' Sense of Belonging. Journal of International Students, 5(4), 353. [26] Glogowska, M., Young, P., & Lockyer, L. (2007). Should I go or should I stay? A study of factors influencing students' decisions on early leaving. Active Learning in Higher Education, 8(1), 63-77. [27] Graham, J.G. (1987) English language proficiency and the prediction of academic success. TESOL Quarterly 21(3). [28] Habu, T. (2000). The irony of globalization: The experience of Japanese women in British higher education. Higher Education, 39(1), 43-66. [29] Healey, N. M. (2008). Is higher education in really „internationalising??. Higher education, 55(3), 333-355. [30] Institute of International Education. (2014). Retrieved from http://www.iie.org/en/Research-and-Publications/Open-Doors/Data/Fast-Facts (November 15, 2014) [31] Kennedy, G. E., Judd, T. S., Churchward, A., Gray, K., & Krause, K. L. (2008). First year students' experiences with technology: Are they really digital natives?. Australasian journal of educational technology, 24(1). [32] Kilinc, A., & Granello, P. F. (2003). Overall Life Satisfaction and Help?Seeking Attitudes of Turkish College Students in the United States: Implications for College Counselors. Journal of College Counseling, 6(1), 56-68. [33] Kisang, B. (2010). The Role of Social Networks in the Adjustment and Academic Success of International Students: A Case Study of a University in the Southwest. ProQuest LLC. 789 East Eisenhower Parkway, PO Box 1346, Ann Arbor, MI 48106. [34] Krieger, N., & Sidney, S. (1996). Racial discrimination and blood pressure: The CARDIA study of young Black and White adults. American Journal of Public Health, 86, 1370-1378. [35] Kuo, Y. H. (2011). Language challenges faced by international graduate students in the United States. Journal of International Students, 1(2), 38-42. [36] Lee, J. J. (2010). International students? experiences and attitudes at a US host institution: Self-reports and future recommendations. Journal of Research in International Education, 9(1), 66-84.
Research Paper E-ISSN NO : 2455-295X | VOLUME : 2 | ISSUE : 12 | DEC 2016
I N T E R N A T I O N A L E D U C A T I O N A L S C I E N T I F I C R E S E A R C H J O U R N A L
126
[37] Lee, J. Y., & Ciftci, A. (2014). Asian international students? sociocultural adaptation: Influence of multicultural personality, assertiveness, academic self-efficacy, and social support. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 38, 97-105. [38] Lee, J. S., Koeske, G. F., & Sales, E. (2004). Social support buffering of acculturative stress: A study of mental health symptoms among Korean international students. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 28(5), 399-414. [39] Lee, J., & Opio, T. (2011). Coming to America: Challenges and difficulties faced by African student athletes. Sport, Education and Society, 16(5), 629-644. [40] Lee, J. J., & Rice, C. (2007). Welcome to America? International student perceptions of discrimination. Higher Education, 53(3), 381-409. [41] Lin, C. (2006). Culture shock and social support: An investigation of a Chinese student organization on a US campus. Journal of Intercultural Communication Research, 35(2), 117-137. [42] Luo, X. (2014, June). Various Difficulties for International Students in Adjusting to a New Academic Culture When Studying Abroad. In 3rd International Conference on Science and Social Research (ICSSR 2014). Atlantis Press. [43] McLachlan, D. A., & Justice, J. (2009). A grounded theory of international student well-being. Journal of Theory Construction & Testing, 13(1), 27. [44] Mwaura, J. N. (2008). Black African international adult students' experiences in higher education: A qualitative study. ProQuest. [45] Mori, S. C. (2000). Addressing the mental health concerns of international students. Journal of counseling & development, 78(2), 137-144. [46] Misra, R., Crist, M., & Burant, C. J. (2003). Relationship among life stress, social support, academic stressors, and reactions to stressors of international students in the United States. International Journal of Stress Management, 10, 137–157. [47] Nebedum-Ezeh, G. C. (1997). An examination of the experiences and coping strategies of African students at predominantly white institutions of higher education in the United States (Doctoral dissertation, ProQuest Information & Learning). [48] Neuspiel, D. R. (1996). Racism and perinatal addiction. Ethnicity and Disease, 6, 47-55. [49] Nicklas, J. (2013). The Stress Revolution: An Examination of Acculturative Stress and an Emerging Modern Human Stress Response. [50] Nilsson, J. E., Berkel, L. A., Flores, L. Y., & Lucas, M. S. (2004). Utilization rate and presenting concerns of international students at a university counseling center: Implications for outreach programming. Journal of College Student Psychotherapy, 19(2), 49-59. [51] Oliver, R., Vanderford, S., & Grote, E. (2012). Evidence of English language proficiency and academic achievement of non-English-speaking background students. Higher Education Research & Development, 31(4), 541-555. [52] Oppedal, B. (2006). Development and acculturation. Cambridge University. NY [53] Paige, R. M. (1990). Cross-Cultural Psychological Perspectives. Applied cross-cultural psychology, 14, 161. [54] Pett, M. A., Lackey, N. R., & Sullivan, J. J. (2003). Making sense of factor analysis: The use of factor analysis for instrument development in health care research. Sage. [55] Phinney, J. S., & Ong, A. D. (2002). Adolescent-parent disagreements and life satisfaction in families from Vietnamese-and European-American backgrounds. International journal of behavioral development, 26(6), 556-561.
Research Paper E-ISSN NO : 2455-295X | VOLUME : 2 | ISSUE : 12 | DEC 2016
I N T E R N A T I O N A L E D U C A T I O N A L S C I E N T I F I C R E S E A R C H J O U R N A L
127
[56] Phinney, J. S., Horenczyk, G., Liebkind, K., & Vedder, P. (2001). Ethnic identity, immigration, and well?being: An interactional perspective. Journal of social issues, 57(3), 493-510. [57] Portela-Myers, H. H. (2006). The Relationship between culture shock and social support on International Students. ProQuest. [58] Poyrazli, S., & Grahame, K. M. (2007). Barriers to adjustment: Needs of international students within a semi-urban campus community. Journal of Instructional Psychology, 34(1), 28. [59] Quintrell, N., & Westwood, M. (1994). The influence of a peer?pairing program on international students' first year experience and use of student services. Higher Education Research and Development, 13(1), 49-58. [60] Rajapaksa, S., & Dundes, L. (2002). It's a long way home: International student adjustment to living in the United States. Journal of College Student Retention: Research, Theory & Practice, 4(1), 15-28. [61] Rhee, J. E., & Sagaria, M. A. D. (2004). International students: Constructions of imperialism in the Chronicle of Higher Education. The Review of Higher Education, 28(1), 77-96. [62] Sawir, E., Marginson, S., Deumert, A., Nyland, C., & Ramia, G. (2008). Loneliness and international students: An Australian study. Journal of Studies in International Education, 12(2), 148-180. [63] Searle, W., & Ward, C. (1990). The prediction of psychological and sociocultural adjustment during cross-cultural transitions. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 14(4), 449-464. [64] Sherry, M., Thomas, P., & Hong Chui, W. (2010) International students: a vulnerable student population. Higher Education, 60 (1), 33-46 [65] Shih S., & Brown, C. (2000), Taiwanese international students: Acculturation level and vocational identity. Journal of Career Development, 27, 35–47. [66] Short, D., & Echevarria, J. (2005), Teacher Skills to Support English Language Learners. Educating Language Learners 62(4). [67] Slaughter, S., & Rhoades, G. (2004). Academic capitalism and the new economy: Markets, state, and higher education. JHU Press. [68] Szelényi, K., & Rhoads, R. A. (2007). Citizenship in a global context: The perspectives of international graduate students in the United States. Comparative Education Review, 51(1), 25-47. [69] Torres, K. (2009). „Culture shock?: Black students account for their distinctiveness at an elite college. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 32(5), 883-905. [70] Tucker, R., & Ang, S. (2007). The academic acclimatization difficulties of international students of the built environment. Emirates Journal for Engineering Research, 12(1), 1- 9. [71] Vertovec, S. (2010). Towards post?multiculturalism? Changing communities, conditions and contexts of diversity. International social science journal, 61(199), 83-95. [72] Ward, C. A., Bochner, S., & Furnham, A. (2001). The psychology of culture shock. Psychology Press. [73] Ward, C. (2008). Thinking outside the Berry boxes: New perspectives on identity, acculturation and intercultural relations. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 32(2), 105-114. [74] Woodrow, L. (2006). Academic success of international postgraduate education students and the role of English proficiency. University of Sydney papers in TESOL, 1(1), 51-70. [75] Yeh, C. J., & Inose, M. (2003). International students' reported English fluency, social support satisfaction, and social connectedness as predictors of acculturative stress. Counselling Psychology Quarterly, 16(1), 15-28. [76] Ying, Y. W., & Liese, L. H. (1991). Emotional well-being of Taiwan students in the US: An examination of pre-to post-arrival differential. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 15(3), 345-366. [77] Zhai, L. (2002). Studying International Students: Adjustment Issues and Social Support. San Diego, CA: University of California, Office of Institutional Research. 1-18.
Research Paper E-ISSN NO : 2455-295X | VOLUME : 2 | ISSUE : 12 | DEC 2016
I N T E R N A T I O N A L E D U C A T I O N A L S C I E N T I F I C R E S E A R C H J O U R N A L
128
[78] Zhao, C. M., Kuh, G. D., & Carini, R. M. (2005). A comparison of international student and American student engagement in effective educational practices. Journal of Higher Education, 209-231.
[79] Zhao, Y., Jindal-Snape, D., Topping, K., & Todman, J. (2008). Theoretical models of culture shock and adaptation in international students in higher education. Studies in Higher Education, 33(1), 63–75.